What is Moltbook?

Moltbook (https://www.moltbook.com) is the community platform where AI Agents has its own identity and can act like a real user: post, comment, upvote, follow other agents and participate in communities (submolts).

Regular users can still read content, interact with or monitor AI agents depending on the platform’s policies. Moltbook is being considered “Reddit for AI Agents”.

Request before starting

• Having created an AI Agent using OpenClaw, see how to create an OpenClaw Agent here: Windows | Linux/VPS Ubuntu.
• The agent is ready to receive and execute commands
• Have an X (Twitter) account to verify agent ownership

How to register OpenClaw to join Moltbook automatically

The fastest and simplest way is issue commands directly to OpenClaw Let it register itself and claim agent on Moltbook.

You just need to chat with OpenClaw using the following example command syntax:

Send the link https://www.moltbook.com/ to OpenClaw so it can learn on its own, then ask OpenClaw to join Moltbook. Remember to ask OpenClaw to name it according to your preferences, and introduce it as you like, otherwise it will name it all by itself.

-Moltbook AI là gì https://www.moltbook.com/
-Đăng ký agent Claw để đăng bài/bình luận, tạo Agent với Tên: "AnonyViet_Assistant", giới thiệu là "AnonyViet Assistant runs on a Linux environment and is controlled via Telegram."
-hãy thực hiện cho tôi
-Đã claim

OpenClaw will automatically perform the entire process from A → Z: register agent, get API key, create claim link and verification instructions.

When it comes to steps claim agentOpenClaw will return a link. You access that link and choose to verify by post to X (Twitter).

After posting the tweet, tap I’ve posted tweets and paste the link of your X article for Moltbook to verify.

If successful, you will gain access profile AI Agent has the form:

https://moltbook.com/u/xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Finally, ask OpenClaw to post a test post to Moltbook. If the post displays successfully, it means you have successfully joined OpenClaw to Moltbook.

This is my Agent who has joined Moltbook: https://www.moltbook.com/u/AnonyViet_Assistant

Now you can command OpenClaw to post to Moltbook.

How to register Moltbook manually (Manual)

Step 1: Register Moltbook agent (get API key)

To join Moltbook manually, you need to call the agent registration API to receive:

• api_key: API key used to call Moltbook
• claim_url: link to verify agent ownership
• verification_code: verification code (if any)

curl -sS -X POST https://www.moltbook.com/api/v1/agents/register \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"name":"YourAgentName","description":"What your agent does"}'

Example of returned results:

{
  "agent": {
    "api_key": "moltbook_sk_....",
    "claim_url": "https://moltbook.com/claim/....",
    "verification_code": "abcd-1234",
    "profile_url": "https://moltbook.com/u/YourAgentName"
  }
}

Note: If you report an error name already takenplease change the agent name to another agent.

Step 2: Claim agent (verify)

Open claim_urllog in X (Twitter) and post the verification content it contains verification_code. After successfully claiming, the agent will be allowed to post and comment.

curl -sS https://www.moltbook.com/api/v1/agents/status \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer YOUR_API_KEY"

Step 3: Save the API key securely on Linux

mkdir -p ~/.config/moltbook
nano ~/.config/moltbook/credentials.json

{
  "api_key": "moltbook_sk_....",
  "agent_name": "YourAgentName"
}

chmod 600 ~/.config/moltbook/credentials.json

Step 4: Test the Moltbook API

API_KEY=$(python3 -c "import json;print(json.load(open('$HOME/.config/moltbook/credentials.json'))['api_key'])")
curl -sS https://www.moltbook.com/api/v1/agents/me \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer $API_KEY"

Step 5: Post to Moltbook

Post text:

curl -sS -X POST https://www.moltbook.com/api/v1/posts \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer $API_KEY" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"submolt":"general","title":"Hello Moltbook","content":"My first post!"}'

Post as a link:

curl -sS -X POST https://www.moltbook.com/api/v1/posts \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer $API_KEY" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"submolt":"general","title":"Interesting article","url":"https://example.com"}'

Step 6: Comment / Reply

curl -sS -X POST https://www.moltbook.com/api/v1/posts/POST_ID/comments \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer $API_KEY" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"content":"Great insight!"}'

Step 7: Upvote / Downvote

curl -sS -X POST https://www.moltbook.com/api/v1/posts/POST_ID/upvote \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer $API_KEY"

Security when using Moltbook for AI Agent

• Do not make API keys public
• Only call the API in the correct domain https://www.moltbook.com
• Do not run the agent as root if you do not need it
• Limit spam, comply with rate limit
• You should moderate the content before the agent automatically posts it

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Can I delete the Moltbook agent using the API?

Depending on the platform. If there is no delete endpoint, you need to delete it manually or contact support.

If I lose my API key, can I get it back?

Are not. You need to register a new agent and save the key carefully.

Does AI Agent force automatic posting?

Are not. You can use the agent in manual or semi-automatic mode.

In the hustle of life, where the information passed as quickly as a blink of an eye and new trends could flare up and fade away in just a few hours, wowhay.com Not only exists as a website, but as a reliable “guide”. This is where the seemingly vague questions online – “What does this trend mean?”, “Where does this phrase come from?”, “Who is a viral?” – Being answered by understanding, sophistication and rich cultural depth.

A vivid and responsible “network cultural dictionary”

Different from many channels only follow the newness, wowhay Choose a trend analysis with moderation. Each hot phrase like What is SYBAUor internal jokes like “you are a 7749 aircraft”, “a black and fish” … are “decoded” not only in terms of meaning, but also the story behind: origin, circumstances, cultural impacts and reasonable use.

The precious thing here is wowhay Do not fall into sensational or exaggerated meaning of the trends, which focuses on helping readers “decipher” wisely. Each article is both a quick record of the era and as a “language map” that helps readers understand the flow of words, images or trends that change day by day on social networks. Thanks to that, readers not only know What is the trendbut also understand Why does it exist and spread.

Besides explaining the meaning, Wowhay also expand the story to cultural, social and community psychology aspects. For example, when a saying becomes a “viral”, Trang not only states the definition, but also analyzes why it touches the emotions of young people, what reflects on life, and what is the limit when used to avoid misleading. This approach turns Wowhay into one Network cultural guidehelping readers to keep up with the time and keep the wave of trend.

Most timely movie information warehouse

Not stopping at “catching trend”, Wowhay.com is also an online film library, a quick update but not superficial. From the K-Drama wave, Chinese film to Hollywood blockbuster, each article summarizes the content, introduces the cast and reveals the highlight that makes the film exciting online.

The special thing is that Wowhay does not run after the “Spoiler” writing style, but choose the way Filter the sufficient detailssuggesting curiosity so that readers want to explore the work on their own. The factors that make up the “hotness” of the film – from a viral scene on Tiktok, a dialogue that is a meme, or an unexpected episode that makes the fan community argue – are clearly analyzed in the cause and impact.

Articles about Squid Game 3, The Old Guard 2, Ironheart (2025) good Bitch x Rich Not only helps readers grasp the plot, but also opens the social context, the value of the message and the reason for the work “occupying” on Tiktok, X (Twitter) or Facebook.

Sustainable value – Explain to understand correctly, not only for trend

In the virtual world full of noise information, wowhay.com Maintain the viewpoint: Each trend, each network phenomenon needs to be seen with a wake -up head and open heart. Instead of following the wave, page aims to build A attitude of receiving civilized digital culturewhere readers don’t only know What is hotbut also understand Why it’s hot and Should it be used?.

Wowhay is not merely an information storage – it is a place of knowledge, emotions to meet each other, helping you to keep up with the world and understand the value of those things that are shaping that world.

Proxy Gradient Network What is that? If you have ever participated in Airdrop hunting projects, you probably already know that for each device and account we can only receive and participate in a single project for 1 network IP. You are someone who owns multiple Gmail accounts, perhaps you have thought about running multiple accounts in parallel to receive as many Points as possible in the first phase of the Depin project.

In this article we will provide instructions to help users install a Proxy in their browser to help change IP, creating the best environment for reference documents. Gradient Network works in parallel and creates referrals as well as suspends the account with the highest score.

Gradient Network is the Depin project on the ecosystem Solana is in phase 1 receiving support from 3 large reputable funds: Multicoin Capital, Sequoia and Pantera. Gradient Network is a decentralized protocol, designed to revolutionize computing power and solutions staking on many networks blockchain.

What do participants get from the project? Participants play the role of connecting Nodes to create a wide connection network to help strengthen the Blockchain network. Each user will receive rewards converted into points and redeemed when the project enters the next stage.

Currently Gradient is in its first phase with great benefits starting with the project receiving FCFS, only 1,000 slots, receiving bonus EXP and 2% Boost

What is Proxy Gradient Network?

Proxy is a service that helps change the IP on the user's device to use a Proxy IPv4. The advantage of Proxy is that it can run completely independently, changing IP for each specific location on the device. Makes the device have multiple communication ports to the Internet regardless of a single IP address of the original device.

Proxy Gradient Network In fact, users use Proxy to change the device IP or use Proxy for a certain browser tab. Then suspend the account Gradient Network on Tabs that have changed separate IPs. This method ensures that accounts do not have duplicate IPs despite using multiple accounts on the same device on the same network layer.

What proxy should I use to run Gradient Network?

Why should you use Proxy for the Aidrop Gradient Network project?

If you have participated in the Airdrop hunting project, you probably already know that each device and our account can only receive and participate in 1 single account for 1 network IP. Using a private Proxy to suspend Gradient Extension or receive Refers can lead to failure because each network IP can only accept 1 connection node.

Now you need to use PROXY. Proxy Gradient Network ensures accounts run on the same network device. Having a separate IP that hides the real IP makes Ref or safe suspension more secure.

Project participants will use and log in to create an account to receive Points daily as well as create a Ref for an account of theirs that has previously joined and suspended.

In short, Buy Proxies Running Gradient is a solution to help suspend many accounts Gradient Network at the same time with a completely different IP

Which Proxy line should I use to run Gradient Network?

Currently on the market, there are many Proxy products that can run the Airdrop Gradient Network project, such as the private IPv4 Proxy line or the fixed residential IPv4 Proxy line. These are Proxy lines that are widely used for Gradient projects.

How many Gradient Network accounts can be suspended using Proxy?

Using Proxies on the device is completely unlimited, but when using Chrome Tabs on the device, you need to pay attention because they also take up an amount of computer resources. Large amounts can cause your computer to lag.

What conditions does a Gradient hanging proxy need to have to receive many points (Point: Pt)?

Proxy requirements to run Gradient Network with the necessary prerequisites is that the new IP has not been used in the Node Gradient, has a stable high speed (receiving more or less Pt points depends on the network speed in the Node) .

Instructions for adding a Proxy to the Gradient Hanging Browser

To hang Gradient Network Aidrop First you need to make sure you have changed the IP for the browser TAB you determined to suspend an account. To add a Proxy to a browser, you need to complete the following steps:

Step 1: Download the application Simple Proxy Switcher: https://chromewebstore.google.com/detail/simple-proxy-switcher/pcboajngloecgmaailkmphmpbacmbcfb?hl=en-VN

Step 2: After downloading, pin the utility to the toolbar

Step 3: Add Proxy to the Import Proxy tab (note that the IP:Port:Username:Password format remains the same)

Press Savecheck in Proxy IP newly added

Step 4: Check IP Has it been added successfully by accessing https://kiemtraip.vn/

(After successfully changing IP, proceed with registration Gradient Network Aridrop)

How to sign up and get started with Gradient for beginners

After completing the process of changing the IP for browser TABs, log in to Gmail and register for a Gradient Network account with the following steps:

Step 1: Go to Gradient Website and connect your Email.

https://app.gradient.network/signup?code=4VKRC6

Enter the import Code 4VKRC6 receive 1000XP and increase 2% reward boost

Step 2: Connect Twitter and Follow Twitter Gradient.

Step 3: Download Gradient Extension and hang according to instructions

Hanging Gradient receives 0.25 Pt / 10 minutes

After completing the above steps, you can leave your accounts active to receive daily suspension points:

• Your Sentry Node will receive 0.25 Points every 10 minutes.
• Gradient has a Tap mechanism that will periodically connect nodes together to check if they can communicate successfully or not? When two buttons successfully perform a Tap, both will receive 0.75 Points.

What are the requirements to join Gredient Network?

Gradient Network Airdrop Participation Requirements

Gradient Network always ensures that everyone has the opportunity to participate, but there are some basic requirements:

Solana account: You need a Solana wallet to receive rewards.

Contribute resources: Keep the Sentry Node active at least 20 days per month for optimal performance.

Complete the mission: Tasks may include sharing information about Gradient Network or participating in community events.

What is using VPS to hang Gradient Network 24/24?

What is VPS?
VPS is a virtual private server that operates independently similar to a VPS computer with separate IP, RAM, and CPU. Created through virtualization technology, it helps divide a physical computer into virtual computers.

In Vietnam, can VPS be used to run Gradient Network?
Vietnam is a country with top infrastructure and economic development globally, which shows that Vietnam can play a role as a Node in the connection development network. VPS Vietnam Thoroughly invested in a storage center system that meets Tier III international standards. Managed and operated by Telecommunications companies such as: Viettel, FPT & VNPT.

Why can VPS hang Gradient 24/24?

VPS is divided from 1 or more physical servers located in a large data center (Datacenter), they are set up to run continuously 24/24. Therefore, when using a VPS, they will operate continuously, allowing applications running on the computer to run continuously.

Suppose they are applied to the Gradient project, being online continuously helps receive Online rewards (0.25Pt/10 minutes) plus X day rewards with the number of Gradient accounts on VPS.

Do I need to use a Proxy to use VPS?

As mentioned above, each VPS is a server that operates completely independently, with a completely independent IP and private network. So once you own a dedicated VPS for the Gradient Network project, you no longer need to use a separate IP for a Gradient account.

Buy a starting Proxy for the Airdrop Gradient Network project?

Previously, to participate in Airdrop projects, users often used VPN to change Free device IP for multiple accounts at the same time. However, using VPN IP will change the entire device, and owning multiple accounts means needing to use multiple devices.

Proxies work similarly to VPNs, however Proxies have a specific IP format, login port, and login information. Thanks to that advantage when Buy Proxies You get separate login addresses on each browser TAB, thereby helping you log in and own multiple accounts on the same device without being detected or hiding the device's original IP address.

Above is an article sharing about applying Proxy to the Airdrop Gradient Network project. Wishing you success!

—————–

Any questions please send to:

https://thuecloud.com/

Hotline, Zalo: 0382126579

Telegram: @thuecloud

In today's digital age, cybersecurity threats are constantly evolving, forcing both businesses and individuals to stay updated and prepared to respond. One tool that is becoming popular in the cybersecurity community is Pulsedive. But pulsedive What is it really and how can it help you protect your digital assets?

What is Pulsedive?

Imagine the internet as a large city. In this city there are both good people and bad people. Bad guys on the internet are hackers, viruses and other dangers that are always lurking to steal information or destroy your device. Pulsedive is like an internet police patrol, constantly monitoring and warning about these bad guys. In other words, Pulsedive is a tool that helps you stay safer online.

Pulsedive is a threat intelligence platform that provides users with comprehensive data and tools to monitor, analyze and respond to cybersecurity threats. Whether you are a cybersecurity expert, researcher, or just someone who wants to protect your online presence, Pulsedive offers a wealth of information and resources to help you identify and mitigate potential risks .

See more: Hidden games on Discord: Did you know?

How does Pulsedive work?

• Tracking the “bad guys”: Pulsedive provides a real-time source of threat intelligence data, including information about malicious domains, IP addresses, URLs and more. Data is aggregated from a variety of sources, ensuring you have access to the latest threat indicators.
• Timely warning: When you visit a dangerous website, Pulsedive warns you, just like a traffic sign warns of danger ahead.
• Provide detailed information: If you want to learn more about a specific hazard, Pulsedive provides detailed information about it, much like a police criminal profile.
• Community contributions: Pulsedive encourages community participation, allowing users to contribute their own findings and insights. This collaborative approach keeps the data on the platform accurate and up to date, benefiting all members of the community.
• Customizable alerts and dashboards: For those who need to monitor specific threats or areas, Pulsedive offers customizable dashboards and alerts. You can set up alerts based on your own criteria and receive notifications when new threats that match those criteria are detected.
• Integration with other tools: Pulsedive is more than just a standalone tool; it can be integrated with other cybersecurity tools and platforms, making it easy to integrate into your existing security infrastructure.

Why use Pulsedive?

• Protects you from danger, helps you stay away from harmful websites, links and internet addresses, protects your personal information and devices.
• The interface is simple and easy to understand, suitable for everyone, even those who are not tech-savvy.
• Pulsedive offers a free version with full basic features.

Try Pulsedive now HERE

See more: Create a Recovery Drive for Windows 11

Conclusion

pulsedive not just a tool, but a community. Collaboration and information sharing between users is the key to making Pulsedive more complete and effective. Thereby, you not only protect yourself but also contribute to building a safer internet environment for everyone.

Facebook and Instagram have become indispensable applications in modern life, but managing huge amounts of information and complex features sometimes makes users feel tired. Facebook All in One is the perfect solution for you! This extension offers a series of great management and automation features, helping you save time while still being able to enjoy the Facebook/Instagram experience to the fullest. What's more, it's all completely free!

Overview of Facebook All in One

Facebook All in One is an extension fully integrated with the necessary features for you to easily manage and optimize your use of Facebook and Instagram. With a simple and user-friendly interface, users can access a wide range of functions in just one click. In particular, you can preview the interface and functions even if you have not installed this utility through the website HERE.

The best thing is that Facebook All in One does not require any fees. All features are provided for free and are continuously updated with new improvements to meet user needs.

Outstanding features of Facebook All in One

1. Bulk Download

• Quickly access personal pages even when locked, helping you not miss information.
• Check who tagged a photo or post.
• Explore all posts by any user.
• Know which groups and pages your friends are joining.
• Quickly download images/videos/reels/stories of any content from any account.
• Save any Facebook post to review.

2. Story (News)

• View stories anonymously without others knowing.
• Save every story with just one click.
• Download stories in bulk
• Add more emoticons to interact with your friends' stories.

3. Messages

• Control all chats.
• Revisit old messages from any time period.
• Find the first message again
• Save the entire message content to the device.

4. Friends

• Notification when unfriended
• Easily remove many people from your friends list quickly.
• Follow and organize friends based on engagement.
• Delete connections that no longer interact with you.
• Classify friends based on criteria such as mutual friends, no profile pictures, unusual names…

5. Friend request

• Easily control and process friend requests.
• Accept/Reject/Revoke bulk requests

6. Following

• Easily control which accounts, pages, and groups you're following.
• Unfollow/unlike/leave the group en masse

7. Other utilities

• View stories anonymously directly on Facebook/Instagram without being detected.
• Shows total likes in posts.
• Download videos from Facebook quickly and simply.
• Use keyboard shortcuts to instantly access key Facebook features.

You can download the Facebook All in One utility by following the link HERE

See more: How to manage hundreds of Facebook accounts without being locked by the platform?

Conclusion

If you are a regular user of Facebook, Instagram or Threads. Facebook All in One is a tool not to be missed. With a series of useful features from downloading content, managing friends and messages to viewing stories anonymously, this utility will help you manage your social network accounts more easily and effectively. Don't hesitate to try it today and enjoy the wonderful experiences that Facebook All-in-One brings!

Do you often encounter slow network connections that affect your work and entertainment? Monitoring network speed is essential to ensure internet performance. However, on Windows operating systems, the feature of displaying network speed directly on the Taskbar is not supported by default. The solution for you is TrafficMonitor – free application that helps monitor network speed easily and effectively right on the Windows Taskbar.

The need to monitor network speed on Windows

In today's digital age, using the internet has become an essential part of everyone's life. However, sometimes we encounter slow network connections, affecting work and entertainment. Monitoring network speed helps users grasp the quality of the connection, thereby being able to promptly fix problems or adjust network usage accordingly.

With Android devices, manufacturers like Xiaomi and OPPO have integrated the feature of displaying the network download and upload speed right on the status bar. However, on Windows operating system, this feature is not supported by default. Fortunately, Windows users can use the free TrafficMonitor application to monitor network speed easily and effectively.

See also: File Converter – Convert file format and size in right-click menu

Outstanding advantages of TrafficMonitor

Display network download and upload speed visually

TrafficMonitor displays network download and upload speeds right on the Windows taskbar, helping users easily monitor without having to open any other applications.

Show CPU and RAM usage

In addition to network speed, TrafficMonitor also provides information on real-time CPU and RAM usage, helping users grasp the performance of their computers.

Two versions to suit every need

TrafficMonitor comes in two versions, Standard and Lite, to suit the needs of each user. The Standard version offers full functionality, while the Lite version only displays network speed and does not require administrator rights to install.

Flexible custom interface

TrafficMonitor allows users to customize the display interface, fonts, network speed units, etc. according to personal preferences.

TrafficMonitor User Guide

Step 1: Download TrafficMonitor app from official website HERE

Step 2: Run the setup file and choose the appropriate version (Standard or Lite).

Step 3: When first started, a window displaying the network speed will appear.

Step 4: To display TrafficMonitor on the taskbar, right-click on the window and select “Show Taskbar Window”.

Step 5: Customize the display settings as desired in the “Display Settings” section.

See also: How to add friends to a playlist on Spotify – Share your favorite songs

Conclusion

TrafficMonitor is a useful application that helps Windows users monitor network speed and computer performance easily and intuitively. With a simple, easy-to-use interface, TrafficMonitor is the perfect choice for those who are looking for an effective network monitoring solution. Wish you success in applying it!

You can trick a DHCP server into not providing IP addresses to devices, completely blocking new connections by performing a DoS attack called “DHCP starvation attack”. I will show you how to do it and how to protect your network.

DoS attack on DHCP server

DHCP is a protocol used to automatically configure devices. Usually, they are terminal devices such as computers, phones or printers that receive IP addresses, masks, default gateways, DNS, etc. thanks to DHCP.

But what happens when someone prevents this mechanism from working? There will be no network connection nor internet connection. We call this type of attack DoS attack (Denial of service attack).

The attack is called a “DHCP hunger attack” based on the fact that each DHCP server has a precisely defined number of IP addresses that can be allocated to devices. For example, the subnet might be 192.168.0.0/24, which represents a maximum range of 253 usable addresses for clients.

But when an attacker claims all available IP addresses by overwriting a large number of bogus MAC addresses, the server will not have any IP addresses to offer to new devices.

This attack even creates an opportunity for the attacker to capture traffic. After disabling the DHCP server, the attacker can switch to his own DHCP server. For example, a fake DNS server could be provided in the DHCP configuration to attack you. I see this as a dangerous attack.

Simulate the attack

I will show you how easy it is to perform this attack. I will use a Cisco router and laptop with the KALI Linux distribution for testing. I will use a tool called Yersinia.

Basic configuration of DHCP server on CISCO router

ip dhcp excluded-address 192.168.0.1
 !
 ip dhcp pool LAN
 network 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0
 default-router 192.168.0.1
 dns-server 8.8.8.8

After connecting the first station, I saw an IP address assigned.

R1-NETVEL#show ip dhcp binding

I also saw a small amount of DHCP requests coming to the router.

R1-NETVEL#show ip dhcp server statistics

And only one IP address is assigned

R1-NETVEL#show ip dhcp pool

Launch the attack

I will use the Yersinia tool. You can also do this through the CLI, but in this case, I prefer the GUI. You can open it with the following command.

root@kali:~#yersinia -G

Or you can also launch the attack with a few mouse clicks through the graphical interface.

Start: Launch attack -> send DISCOVER packet

Stop: List attacks -> Cancel attack

After a while, the DHCP server will have more requests than it can handle. That is a DoS attack.

R1-NETVEL#show ip dhcp binding

R1-NETVEL#show ip dhcp server statistics

R1-NETVEL#show ip dhcp pool

As we can see, the attack is relatively simple, but very dangerous. It can be prevented in many ways, such as limiting the number of MAC addresses passing through the port (port security), or if we want to prevent the attacker from providing his own DHCP server, we can Implement DHCP snooping.

In this article, we will learn about network protocols and services. At the heart of the Internet, every ethical hacker must understand common network protocols to be able to understand the architecture of computers.

One of the most important skills to become an ethical hacker is the skill of networking. A computer cannot be without a connection, so hackers are also important. It is important to have network knowledge to get used to the new architecture.

Knowledge of network protocols and services

SMTP

SMTP, short for (simple message transfer protocol), is an email protocol used to send email messages. Defined as RFC 5321, it is the heart of the mail connection. SMTP is much older than HTTP, but it is still used by ordinary users. To support email services, a pair of protocols is required, including SMTP and POP/IMAP.

SMTP uses three basic functions:

1. It verifies who is sending emails through the SMTP server.
2. It also sends out emails.
3. When a message cannot be delivered to the recipient, the message will be sent back to the sender.

POP/IMAP

POP, or “Post Office Protocol” and IMAP, “Internet Message Access Protocol”. These protocols are very important, to send a message to the recipient, it uses IMAP which is responsible for transferring emails between the server and the client.

The main difference between POP and IMAP, POP is a simple approach to downloading messages in the inbox. Where IMAP will sync the current inbox, with new messages on the server, downloading anything new.

How does SMTP work?

Once an SMTP server is set up, email applications can connect and communicate with it. When the user presses “send” on an email, the email client opens an SMTP connection to the server so it can send. The role of the SMTP server in this service, is to act as sorting office, email (mail) is picked up and sent to this server, and then delivers it to the recipient.

SMTP operates in an application layer protocol (Application).

SMB

SMB, abbreviation for (server message block protocol). This protocol is a client-server protocol used to share and transfer data as well as access files.

The server can be accessed to view files, APIs, printers, and other resources.

This protocol is also known as request-response protocol which means it transmits data/messages between the client and the server.

SMB works in class Application or class Presentation.

Once you have established a connection with the SMB protocol, you can view, transfer, and get resources from that server.

It also asks for login information, if the user has set a password on it.

The birth of SMB

Since the introduction of Windows 95 Operating Systems in early 1995, they have included support for the client and server SMB protocol known as “SAMBA”. It runs on UNIX systems.

SMB works in class Application or class Presentation.

TELNET

Telnet, short for (teletype network protocol) insecure version of SSH, telnet is a protocol that allows you to make a connection to a server and execute commands, which is the telnet host. When you establish a connection to Telnet, the client then becomes a virtual terminal – allowing you to interact with the remote server.

Telnet is replaced

Telnet is rarely used by companies, for security reasons. Most companies have been using SSH (secure shell host) because it shows up when you enter your login information. It has now been replaced by SSH.

How does Telnet work?

Connecting to a Telnet server is easy. “Telnet [ip] [port]” is enough to be able to connect to the Telnet server.

FTP

FTP, short for (file transfer protocol), it allows you to transfer files to this service remotely. It uses a client-server model.

How does FTP work?

FTP works in two ways:

1. Command channel
2. Data channel.

Command channel → Command channel is used to transmit commands as well as respond to those commands

Data channel → data channel is used to transmit data.

Security researchers always recommend not using port 21 (FTP) for security reasons.

Once the service is open, you can create a connection between the client and the server.

Active/Passive

FTP servers can operate either actively or passively.

1. Proactive FTP server, connecting to random port numbers for incoming connections.
2. Passive FTP server, opens a connection to a specific port and IP address for passive listening and clients connecting to it.

DNS

DNS, short for (domain name system). This service provides us with a simple way to communicate with devices on the internet without having to remember complicated numbers and values.

For example: https://www.google.com corresponds to “172.217.169.174”

Subdomain

A subdomain is an additional part of the main domain. Subdomains are created to organize and manage different sections of your website, for example:

For example:

admin.example.com → subdomain,

example.com → main domain

DNS is an application layer protocol.

SSH

Secure Shell (SSH) is a network security protocol that uses encryption and authentication mechanisms to implement services such as secure access and file transfer. The initial version, SSH1 focused on providing a secure remote login facility to replace TELNET and other remote login programs that were not secure. SSH also provides more general client-server capabilities and can be used for such network functions.

It is much more secure than TELNET, as it uses encryption and authentication to gain access to the server.

TLS

Server authentication occurs at the transport layer, based on the server possessing the public/private key pair

Transport Layer Secure

How does SSH work?

SSH is easy to use:

ssh [user]@ip-addr/localhost

SSH is an application layer protocol.

ARP

ARP, abbreviation for (address resolution protocol). This protocol is responsible for allowing devices to identify themselves on the network. This is one of the most important protocols in the network layer.

How ARP works

ARP has an important ledger in the network to store information, called a “cache”.

It works with MAC and IP addresses. ARP sends two types of messages.

1. ARP requests
2. ARP replies

ARP requests

When an ARP request is sent, a message is transmitted to every device found by the device on the network. This is nothing more than broadcasting a packet over the network to confirm whether we found the destination MAC address or not.

ARP replies

An ARP response is returned to the originating device to confirm this. MAC address feedback supports data communication.

ARP is in layer 2 protocol.

DHCP

DHCP, short for (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) helps a device want to connect to the network. if it has not been manually assigned an IP.

DHCP is based on the client-server model and is based on discovery, offer, request, and ACK.

DHCP sends a request called (DHCP discover) to see if there is a DHCP server on the network. When a DHCP client starts, it automatically sends a special DHCP discover message using the broadcast address. This DHCP discover message asks, “are there any DHCP servers out there”?

DHCP is an application layer protocol

MAC

MAC, short for (media access control). A MAC address is a unique identifier assigned to a piece of networking hardware by the manufacturer.

MAC address consists of six sets of two characters such as 00:12:ED:4B:16:5E. Do you want to see your NIC? If you are using a windows operating system, enter “ipconfig \ all” from the command prompt to display the actual address.

MAC addresses are at layer 2 (data link).

ICMP

ICMP, short for (Internet Control Message Protocol) is one of the most important fundamentals in networking, because no ICMP means no response and that means no connection. Most of the time when you type “ping google.com” you will see TTL (time to live) which means ICMP packets travel as measured by ping, say your home network or the website you want to visit. access.

The easiest way to see ICMP on a network is to use ping and traceroute, but traceroute will also be used to analyze data flowing from its source to its destination address.

As shown in the image above, ttl is 112.

ICMP is shown as a layer 3 protocol.

NAT

NAT, short for (network address translation), originally used to solve the shortage of IPv4 addresses, is now used to mask public IPv4 addresses. To access the Internet, a public IP address is needed, but we can use a private IP address in our private network. The idea of ​​NAT is to allow multiple devices to access the Internet through a single public address.

With NAT, a network can support more than 500 servers with private addresses, and a NAT router can switch these machines to the public address range when clients need to access the internet.

NAT is located at layer 3.

IP

IP, short for (Internet Protocol). Its main job is just to send messages between devices, and like any mailing service, it can’t do its job well if it doesn’t know where the recipient is. such as sending mail, streaming video, or connecting to a website.

For example:

Public IP -> 172.168.16.44

private IP -> 192.168.23.2

IP is in the network layer.

Recently, you feel that your home wifi network speed is much worse? There are many reasons that affect network speed and one of them is that someone may be using your home’s wifi network, affecting the page load speed when you are online. In this article, we will learn together a few ways to improve wifi network security.

Use strong passwords

A strong password is a password that contains at least 8 characters, including uppercase, lowercase, numbers, and special characters. Here is a good example of a strong password: “K@tM@u#2s0nG”.

Also, avoid using your personal information, such as your name, date of birth, phone number, or easy-to-guess words like “password” or “12345678” when setting a wifi network password.

Another helpful piece of advice is to change your password regularly and don’t share your password with anyone.

Enable WPA2 security mode

WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2) is the most popular wifi network security standard today. It is designed to replace WPA and establish a higher level of security for wifi networks.

WPA2 uses the AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) encryption algorithm for encrypting data transmitted between the device and the router. This helps prevent unauthorized access to your network and protect personal data

Enable automatic router firmware updates

One of the last ways to increase the security of your wifi network is to update your router’s firmware version. Most new versions include security fixes, performance improvements, and bug fixes. Therefore, updating the router is very important.

Firmware update steps can usually be done in the admin page or installed at 192.168.1.1 or 192.168.0.1. If you have any problems with the update, you can restore the configuration using the previous backup file.

Turn off automatic sharing

Disable the router’s automatic sharing feature to prevent others from accessing your network. For each different router brand, there will be different specific steps to turn off this feature. You can easily find a way to turn off sharing with the syntax “turn off automatic sharing” + your router’s brand name.

Use firewall

When the wifi network firewall is turned on, the firewall will help block connections from unknown or malicious devices that have the ability to access your network. It will also help block network attacks by inspecting packets traveling over the network and blocking invalid or malicious packets. The wifi network firewall can also restrict the access of devices, allowing only trusted devices to access the network for a certain period of time.